The ideal concentration and PH (penetration, stability)
*decrease melanin production by interfering with the action of tyrosinase, the first enzyme in the path way that converts the amino acid tyrosine to melanin , so there is less melanin to transport to higher levels of skin cells , so skin lightens.
*helps in skin cell division, renewal and turn over so fresh, younger, lighter and brighter cell appear for skin surface
*responsible for hydroxylation of prolin to hydroxyprolin, the first step in collagen synthesis
*power full anti-oxidant, neutralizes free radicals, so keep the skin from aging and sun damage